Introduction

Ahiṃsā, meaning “nonviolence” or “nonharming” in Sanskrit, is a fundamental concept that permeates the ethical and philosophical frameworks of several South Asian religions. Particularly prominent in Buddhism, Jainism, Hinduism, and certain schools of Yoga, this principle not only advocates for the avoidance of physical violence but also encompasses mental, emotional, and verbal dimensions of harm. This article explores interpretations of ahiṃsā within these traditions, demonstrating how each is committed to this universal principle according to its own particular philosophy.

Ahiṃsā in Buddhism

In Buddhism, the principle of ahiṃsā is deeply embedded in the teachings of the Buddha, who emphasized compassion (karuṇā) and loving-kindness (mettā) as essential virtues for all sentient beings. The First Precept in Buddhism explicitly states that one is to abstain from killing. This commitment goes beyond mere abstention from killing; it advocates a thoughtful consideration of how every action can either cause pain or promote wellbeing.

Scriptural sources within the Buddhist tradition indeed advocate for ahiṃsā. In the Dhammapada, a collection of verses attributed to the Buddha, we find the famous line: "All tremble at violence; all fear death. Putting oneself in the place of another, one should not kill nor cause another to kill" (10.129). Here, the Buddha encapsulates the spirit of ahiṃsā and its universal applicability.

For Buddhist practitioners, ahiṃsā emphasizes the cultivation of compassion and loving-kindness, urging them to consider the impact of their actions on the suffering of others. This approach encourages a deep awareness of one’s thoughts and intentions, promoting a holistic understanding of nonharming as a way of life.

Ahiṃsā in Jainism

In Jainism, ahiṃsā is the foremost ethical virtue and is regarded as the highest duty (dharma) of every individual. Jains thereby lead lifestyles seeking to minimize harm to all living beings. This commitment to nonviolence is so paramount that it influences their dietary practices (many Jains are strict vegetarians and are increasingly becoming vegan) and other daily activities (Jains are careful to avoid killing even insects and are encouraged to work in professions that cause the least possible harm).

The Tattvārthasūtra, a text canonical for most all Jains, outlines the principles of Jain philosophy, including an extensive treatise on the meaning of ahiṃsā. It highlights that every act of violence, whether intentional or unintentional, or preformed directly (kṛta), indirectly (kārita), or simply approved (anumata), can lead to karmic repercussions. Buddhism, Hinduism, and Yoga traditions have similar teachings.

In Jainism, the rigorous application of ahiṃsā showcases a profound respect for all forms of life. Jains engage in quotidian practices that reflect their commitment to nonviolence, advocating for a lifestyle that minimizes harm in every aspect of existence. This often leads to a conscientious approach to diet, behavior, and environmental interactions, epitomizing their belief in the sanctity of life.

Ahiṃsā in Hinduism

In Hinduism, ahiṃsā is woven into the fabric of ethical conduct and spiritual practice. It plays a crucial role in texts like the Vedas as a form of non-injury to oneself, in the Upaniṣads where it is extended to other living beings, and even, often to the surprise of many, in the Mahābhārata.

Hindu approaches to ahiṃsā intertwine with concepts of dharma and ethical living, providing a broader context for understanding one's responsibilities toward others. The richness of Hindu textual sources reveals a philosophical exploration of conflict, duty, and the moral dilemmas faced in a complex world. Here, the ideals of nonviolence are challenged and nuanced, reflecting the reality that acts of violence may sometimes seem unavoidable, fostering a discourse on the complexities of ethical living. Ahiṃsā is therefore not only about abstaining from physical violence for Hindus, but also about living ethically in one’s engagement with the world, an idea which extends into classical yoga.

Ahiṃsā in Yoga

In Patañjali’s Yogasūtra, a Brahmanical assemblage of extant yoga practices from India’s classical period, ahiṃsā is indeed the first of the five yamas (ethical restraints). The embodiment of ahiṃsā causes other living beings to lose their fear of the yogin, and “As the yogī becomes established in non-injury, all beings coming near him cease to be hostile” (2.35). Many can often attest to the experience of being near a deeply compassionate and nonharmful person, whose very presence seems to disarm all those around them.

This yogic approach to ahiṃsā is fundamental to the practice of self-discipline and spiritual growth. Critically, it emphasizes that true peace cannot be achieved externally unless it is first cultivated internally. The enfolding of ahiṃsā within the framework of yoga encourages practitioners to develop a deep sense of self-awareness and emotional regulation, a fact that many scholars, including myself, warn could align closely with the imperatives of neoliberal capitalism and the production of neoliberal subjectivity. It is therefore critical that yoga practitioners understand that their contemporary yoga practice is emplaced within a very particular (and violent) capitalist framework globally.

Conclusion

Ahiṃsā serves as a vital principle across the Buddhist, Jain, Hindu, and Yoga traditions, reflecting a shared commitment to nonviolence and compassion. While the interpretations and applications of this principle vary among each tradition, the underlying ethos remains rooted in an understanding of the interconnectedness of all living beings and the fact that nothing wants to experience pain.

In its many forms, ahiṃsā invites individuals to cultivate mindfulness, foster peace, and strive for harmony within themselves and society at large. Each tradition offers a unique perspective on the practice of nonviolence. Despite the differences in interpretation and approach across these traditions, the essence of ahiṃsā signifies a universal truth: striving for compassion, respect for life, and minimizing harm—whether physical, emotional, or psychological—are all integral to the advancing on the spiritual path.

If you are interested in learning more about South Asian religions, nonviolence and compassion, consider applying to the online Engaged Jain Studies graduate program MA track offered in collaboration with Claremont School of Theology.